๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘•๐‘’๐‘ฎ๐‘ฒ๐‘š๐‘ผโ€™๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ด๐‘‘

๐‘ž๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ด๐‘ฏ ๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘•๐‘’๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘–๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘’๐‘ข๐‘น๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ก๐‘ป๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค โ€˜ยท๐‘–๐‘ท-๐‘•๐‘’๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘‘โ€™, ๐‘š๐‘ฒ ยท๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค๐‘› ๐‘’๐‘ฆ๐‘™๐‘Ÿ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ง๐‘›, ๐‘ž ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฒ๐‘ฏ๐‘ผ ๐‘ ๐‘ž ยท๐‘–๐‘ฑ๐‘๐‘พ๐‘ฏ ๐‘จ๐‘ค๐‘“๐‘ฉ๐‘š๐‘ง๐‘‘. ๐‘ž ๐‘›๐‘ช๐‘’๐‘˜๐‘ฉ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ข๐‘ป ๐‘›๐‘ฌ๐‘ฏ๐‘ค๐‘ด๐‘›๐‘ฉ๐‘› ๐‘“๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘ฅ https://www.shavian.info/books/. ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ž ๐‘‘๐‘ฒ๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ ๐‘•๐‘’๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ธ ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘“๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ฉ๐‘ค๐‘‘ ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฐ๐‘› ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘๐‘ค๐‘ฑ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘Ÿ, ๐‘ฒ ๐‘จ๐‘ฅ ๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘•๐‘’๐‘ฎ๐‘ฒ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ฏ ๐‘๐‘ณ๐‘š๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘–๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ž๐‘ง๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฝ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ท๐‘ค๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘’๐‘ฉ๐‘ฅ๐‘๐‘ค๐‘ฐ๐‘‘ ๐‘ž๐‘ง๐‘ฅ. ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘ ๐‘ณ๐‘๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘› ๐‘•๐‘๐‘ง๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘•๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘‘ ๐‘๐‘ค๐‘ฑ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ข๐‘บ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘•๐‘๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘‘ ๐‘ง๐‘ฎ๐‘ผ ๐‘น ๐‘ข๐‘บ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘—๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘‘ ๐‘“๐‘ช๐‘ค๐‘ด ๐‘ž ยท๐‘ฎ๐‘ฐ๐‘›-๐‘ค๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘• ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘›๐‘ผ๐‘› ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฅ๐‘๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘ฅ๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘› ๐‘š๐‘ฒ ๐‘ž ยท๐‘–๐‘ท-๐‘•๐‘๐‘ง๐‘ค ๐‘‘๐‘ต๐‘ค ๐‘“๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘ฅ ยท๐‘ก๐‘น๐‘ด. ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ด๐‘ ๐‘ž๐‘จ๐‘‘ ๐‘ž๐‘ฑ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฑ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘’๐‘ฎ๐‘ฐ๐‘• ๐‘ž ๐‘ฉ๐‘’๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ ๐‘ ๐‘ž๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ช๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘’ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘น๐‘›๐‘Ÿ.

๐‘ž ๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ๐‘ฆ๐‘–๐‘ต ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ ๐‘’๐‘จ๐‘ฏ ๐‘š๐‘ฐ ๐‘›๐‘ฌ๐‘ฏ๐‘ค๐‘ด๐‘›๐‘ฉ๐‘› ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฝ.

ยท๐‘–๐‘ท-๐‘•๐‘’๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘‘

LETTER FROM AMERICA

WARREN S. SMITH

๐‘ฒ ๐‘จ๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฒ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ1, ๐‘ ๐‘ท๐‘ค ๐‘๐‘ค๐‘ฑ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘Ÿ! ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘‘๐‘ฒ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฆ ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ, ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘‘2 ๐‘ข๐‘ฐ ๐‘“๐‘ด๐‘’๐‘• ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ยท๐‘ฉ๐‘ฅ๐‘ง๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ฉ ๐‘’๐‘ท๐‘ค ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘› ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ, ๐‘ž๐‘ด ๐‘“ ๐‘ฟ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ยท๐‘ฆ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘ค๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ข๐‘ซ๐‘› ๐‘š๐‘ฐ ๐‘“๐‘ธ ๐‘–๐‘น๐‘‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘›๐‘ฉ๐‘ค-๐‘ฑ๐‘ก๐‘ฉ๐‘›. ๐‘ž ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ด๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘‘ ๐‘š๐‘จ๐‘’ ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฉ๐‘š๐‘ฌ๐‘‘ 1800. ๐‘ž๐‘ฑ ๐‘ธ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘’๐‘ค๐‘ด๐‘Ÿ๐‘› ๐‘š๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘“๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘•, ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ ๐‘บ๐‘พ ๐‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘๐‘• ๐‘ฉ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ๐‘›๐‘ฎ๐‘ฉ๐‘› ๐‘“๐‘ฐ๐‘‘ ๐‘•๐‘’๐‘ข๐‘บ. ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘ฑ๐‘ฏ๐‘›, ๐‘ฏ๐‘ช๐‘‘ ๐‘‘๐‘ต ๐‘ข๐‘ง๐‘ค, ๐‘š๐‘ฒ ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘›๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘•.

๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘“๐‘จ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ1: ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘’๐‘ค๐‘ฝ ๐‘ž๐‘จ๐‘‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘‘๐‘ค๐‘ผ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฝ ๐‘ข๐‘ป ๐‘ž ยท๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘ค ๐‘“๐‘จ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ, ๐‘ž๐‘ด ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘œ๐‘ด ๐‘ณ๐‘ ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ข๐‘น๐‘›3 ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘›-๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘—๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ, ๐‘ณ๐‘ž๐‘ผ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฉ๐‘๐‘ฝ: ๐‘ž๐‘ฑ ๐‘ธ ๐‘ช๐‘š๐‘๐‘พ๐‘•๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ-๐‘ค๐‘ท๐‘Ÿ.

๐‘›๐‘ฌ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ด๐‘๐‘ผ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ž ๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘›๐‘ฉ๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฌ๐‘• ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ยท๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘4, ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฌ ๐‘š๐‘ฟ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘“๐‘ฉ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘น๐‘› ๐‘ฏ ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘ค ๐‘ช๐‘’๐‘˜๐‘ฉ๐‘๐‘ฒ๐‘›5. ๐‘ž๐‘จ๐‘‘ ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ž ๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘› ยท๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘ค ๐‘ฃ๐‘ด๐‘ฅ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ง๐‘›, ๐‘ค๐‘ฒ๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฅ๐‘ณ๐‘™ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฎ๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ยท๐‘๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘•๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘๐‘ฑ๐‘ฏ๐‘พ. ๐‘ท๐‘ค ๐‘ž ๐‘ค๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฝ๐‘ฉ๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฅ ๐‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘š๐‘ฉ๐‘š๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘œ ๐‘“๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ž ๐‘ค๐‘ฑ๐‘‘ 1700๐‘Ÿ, ๐‘ข๐‘ง๐‘ฏ6 ๐‘ž ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘‘๐‘ค๐‘ผ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘๐‘› ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ. ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘ค๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ช๐‘‘ ๐‘ช๐‘ฏ ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ด๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ฑ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘‘ ๐‘ž ยท๐‘ข๐‘ง๐‘•๐‘‘, ๐‘•๐‘ด ๐‘ž๐‘ฑ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ณ๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘ ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ7 ๐‘’๐‘ณ๐‘‘ ๐‘ช๐‘“ ๐‘“๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘ฅ ๐‘•๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ฒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฑ๐‘–๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ. ๐‘ž ๐‘‘๐‘ฌ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ ยท๐‘š๐‘ง๐‘ค๐‘“๐‘ช๐‘ฏ๐‘‘ [Bellefonte] ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฟ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘š๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฅ๐‘› ๐‘š๐‘ฒ ยท๐‘ค๐‘ญ๐‘“๐‘ฑ๐‘ง๐‘‘ ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ท๐‘ค๐‘ฎ๐‘ง๐‘›๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฆ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘•, ๐‘ฉ๐‘š๐‘ฌ๐‘‘ ๐‘‘๐‘ง๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฒ๐‘ค๐‘Ÿ ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘ โ€” ๐‘’๐‘ข๐‘ฒ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘ก๐‘ท๐‘ฏ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ž๐‘ด๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฝ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ด๐‘›๐‘ค๐‘ฉ๐‘• ๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘Ÿ.

๐‘ž ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ1 ๐‘š๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘• ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘› ๐‘ค๐‘ฒ๐‘“ ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ. ๐‘ž๐‘บ ๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘ฆ ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฅ๐‘ค๐‘ฉ๐‘• ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ด๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ: ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฐ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ก๐‘ณ๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘“๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘ฅ ๐‘ข๐‘บ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘•๐‘ฆ๐‘‘, ๐‘ฒ ๐‘•๐‘ฐ: ‘๐‘ฑ๐‘ก๐‘› 11 ๐‘ฅ๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ๐‘”๐‘• ๐‘ฏ 20 ๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘Ÿ; ๐‘ฑ๐‘ก๐‘› 35; ๐‘ฑ๐‘ก๐‘› 22; ๐‘ฑ๐‘ก๐‘› 14’. ๐‘ค๐‘ฒ๐‘“ ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘–๐‘น๐‘‘๐‘ผ ๐‘ง๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘ข๐‘บ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ž๐‘ด๐‘Ÿ ๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘Ÿ. ๐‘š๐‘ณ๐‘‘ ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ณ๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘’๐‘ณ๐‘ฅ ๐‘ณ๐‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฝ ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ง๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฑ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ž๐‘ง๐‘ฏ ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ท๐‘ค ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฌ ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ค๐‘“-๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘“๐‘ฆ๐‘–๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘ ๐‘ž๐‘ด๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘ฒ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฝ ๐‘“๐‘จ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘› ๐‘‘ ๐‘š๐‘ฐ. ๐‘ข๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘ ๐‘•๐‘ด ๐‘ฎ๐‘ด๐‘ฅ๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘ฒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘› ๐‘ž๐‘ง๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฉ๐‘—๐‘ผ, ๐‘›๐‘ฎ๐‘ญ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ค๐‘ง๐‘ก๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘›, ๐‘ž๐‘จ๐‘‘ ๐‘ข๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘ ๐‘ท๐‘ค ๐‘š๐‘ณ๐‘‘ ๐‘ค๐‘ช๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘•๐‘ฒ๐‘‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ผ, ๐‘ค๐‘ด๐‘ฏ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ณ๐‘œ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ณ๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘ ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ.

๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘•๐‘๐‘ช๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘“๐‘ฆ๐‘“๐‘‘๐‘ฐ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ข๐‘ท๐‘’ ๐‘ณ๐‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘•๐‘ฒ๐‘› ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฒ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฌ๐‘•. ๐‘“ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘‘๐‘ฒ๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘“๐‘ผ๐‘œ๐‘ง๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ฆ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘•: ๐‘ž๐‘ง๐‘ฏ ๐‘ช๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘•๐‘ณ๐‘ฅ๐‘ผ ยท๐‘•๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ๐‘›๐‘ฑ ๐‘ญ๐‘“๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฏ๐‘ต๐‘ฏ ๐‘ค๐‘ฒ๐‘’ ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘•, ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฅ๐‘ง๐‘ฅ๐‘š๐‘ผ. ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ค๐‘ซ๐‘’ ๐‘ด๐‘๐‘ผ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ณ๐‘— ๐‘“๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘ค๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ, ๐‘ฏ ๐‘‘ ๐‘ž ยท๐‘•๐‘ฌ๐‘” ๐‘ž ๐‘๐‘ฟ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘“๐‘ผ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘ ๐‘“๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘ฅ ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘‘2 ๐‘ž ๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘› ยท๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘ค ๐‘“๐‘จ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ณ๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘ ๐‘•๐‘ฐ๐‘ฏ, ๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘๐‘‘ ๐‘ž๐‘จ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฅ๐‘น ๐‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘ค๐‘จ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘’๐‘ค๐‘ฝ๐‘› ๐‘ ๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ, ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘’๐‘ณ๐‘ค๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘ฑ๐‘–๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ ๐‘–๐‘ด๐‘Ÿ ๐‘•๐‘ฒ๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ช๐‘›๐‘ผ๐‘ฏ ๐‘“๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘จ๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘•. ๐‘š๐‘ณ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ณ๐‘ž๐‘ผ ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘ฎ๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘–๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘๐‘ฌ๐‘ผ ๐‘ค๐‘ฒ๐‘ฏ ๐‘’๐‘ณ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ฉ๐‘’๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘• ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘Ÿ; ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ผ ๐‘œ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘ ๐‘•๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ท๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ยท๐‘ฟ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘ป๐‘•๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ง๐‘—๐‘ฉ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘ข๐‘ฒ๐‘› ๐‘ธ๐‘’ โ€” ๐‘ž ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฑ๐‘›๐‘พ๐‘ฅ, ๐‘ž ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฟ ๐‘›๐‘น๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘ ๐‘น ๐‘‘๐‘ง๐‘ฏ ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘น๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฒ, ๐‘ฉ ๐‘š๐‘ณ๐‘ค๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฟ ๐‘ข๐‘ท๐‘‘๐‘ผ ๐‘‘๐‘ฌ๐‘ผ ๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘—8 ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘๐‘จ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘˜๐‘ณ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘ผ9 ๐‘ก๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘ผ๐‘ฑ๐‘–๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘›๐‘ณ๐‘š๐‘› ‘๐‘ž ๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ง๐‘œ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘ ๐‘ค๐‘ช๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘ช๐‘’, ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ผ ๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘›๐‘ผ ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘™๐‘Ÿ ๐‘’๐‘ค๐‘ณ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘› ๐‘ผ๐‘ฌ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ž ๐‘‘๐‘ฌ๐‘ผ ๐‘ ‘๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘› ยท๐‘ฅ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฏ’, ๐‘ž ๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ๐‘’๐‘จ๐‘ฅ๐‘๐‘ฉ๐‘• ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘™.

๐‘ฅ๐‘ด๐‘•๐‘‘ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ง๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ๐‘›๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ผ ๐‘๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘ก ๐‘ฏ๐‘ด ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ1, ๐‘š๐‘ณ๐‘‘ ๐‘•๐‘ด ๐‘“๐‘ธ ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ท๐‘ค, ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘› ๐‘ฏ๐‘ง๐‘๐‘ผ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ง๐‘‘ ๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘ฆ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ณ๐‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฝ. ๐‘ฆ๐‘“ ๐‘ž ๐‘บ๐‘พ ๐‘’๐‘ฐ๐‘๐‘• ๐‘ช๐‘ฏ ๐‘œ๐‘ฎ๐‘ด๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘›๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ, ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘ค๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ค๐‘ช๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘ค ๐‘’๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฟ ๐‘‘ ๐‘š๐‘ฐ ๐‘๐‘ธ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘ค๐‘› ๐‘ณ๐‘ ๐‘ด๐‘๐‘ผ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฌ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘•๐‘ฒ๐‘› ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ๐‘ค ๐‘ž ๐‘ด๐‘ค๐‘› ๐‘‘๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ด๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ10 ๐‘ธ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘•๐‘ณ๐‘ฅ๐‘š๐‘ช๐‘›๐‘ฆโ€™๐‘Ÿ ๐‘š๐‘จ๐‘’-๐‘˜๐‘ธ๐‘›11. ๐‘•๐‘ด ๐‘“๐‘ธ, ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฒ๐‘• ๐‘“๐‘ฐ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ ๐‘ฒ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘ค๐‘ฑ๐‘–๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ. ๐‘ฒ ๐‘“๐‘ฒ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฐ๐‘› ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ ๐‘จ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘•๐‘“๐‘ฝ ๐‘ ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘•๐‘น๐‘‘ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ž๐‘ง๐‘ฏ.

๐‘ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘น๐‘พ๐‘ฏ ยท๐‘ธ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค๐‘› ๐‘‘๐‘ถ๐‘ฏ๐‘š๐‘ฐ12 ๐‘ฏ๐‘ด๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ž๐‘จ๐‘‘ ‘๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘ž๐‘›๐‘ฎ๐‘ท๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ป๐‘ฏ’ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ข๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘ž๐‘ฉ๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ผ๐‘ฆ. ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘›๐‘ฑ13, ‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ป๐‘ฏ’ โ€” ๐‘‘ ๐‘ค๐‘ฒ๐‘“โ€™๐‘• ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฉ๐‘• โ€” ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ท๐‘ค ๐‘‘๐‘ต ๐‘•๐‘ป๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ: ๐‘‘๐‘ฒ๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฏ ๐‘๐‘ค๐‘ฑ๐‘• ๐‘“ ‘๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘ž๐‘›๐‘ฎ๐‘ท๐‘ฉ๐‘ค’ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ž ๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ช๐‘š๐‘ค๐‘ฉ๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฌ. ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ ๐‘ž๐‘จ๐‘‘, ๐‘จ๐‘‘ ๐‘ค๐‘ฐ๐‘•๐‘‘, ๐‘ž ยท๐‘›๐‘ฑ๐‘ค๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ข๐‘ป ๐‘ค๐‘ณ๐‘’๐‘ฆ.

  1. ‘๐‘•๐‘ง๐‘ฅ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ’ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  2. ‘๐‘ฃ๐‘ข๐‘ช๐‘‘’ ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. ‘๐‘‘๐‘ซ๐‘ข๐‘น๐‘›’ ↩︎

  4. Lemont. A historic village in Centre County, Pennsylvania, located just adjacent to State College (Penn State University) and about ten miles from Bellefonte. ↩︎

  5. ‘๐‘ช๐‘’๐‘˜๐‘ซ๐‘๐‘ฒ๐‘›’ ↩︎

  6. ‘๐‘ฃ๐‘ข๐‘ง๐‘ฏ’ ↩︎

  7. ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฑ๐‘ฏ๐‘› ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘•๐‘๐‘ง๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘š๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ช๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘“๐‘ค๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘• ๐‘ž ๐‘ก๐‘ง๐‘ฏ๐‘ผ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค ยท๐‘ฉ๐‘ฅ๐‘ง๐‘ฎ๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ฉ๐‘ฏ ๐‘›๐‘ฒ๐‘ฉ๐‘ค๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘‘, ๐‘ฏ ยท๐‘ฎ๐‘ฐ๐‘› ๐‘’๐‘ค๐‘ฝ๐‘ค๐‘ฆ ๐‘ค๐‘ง๐‘“๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฏ๐‘ง๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘‘๐‘ฉ๐‘›. ↩︎

  8. ‘๐‘ฃ๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘—’ ↩︎

  9. ‘๐‘˜๐‘ณ๐‘™๐‘ผ’ ↩︎

  10. ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฝ ๐‘ž๐‘บ ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘’๐‘ค๐‘ฝ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘•๐‘๐‘ง๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘™: ‘๐‘‘๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘•๐‘๐‘ด๐‘ฏ๐‘Ÿ’ ↩︎

  11. ๐‘ž๐‘ฆ๐‘• ๐‘ฆ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘’๐‘˜๐‘ซ๐‘ผ๐‘พ๐‘• ๐‘•๐‘๐‘ง๐‘ค๐‘ฆ๐‘™ ๐‘ข๐‘ฆ๐‘— ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฑ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฏ๐‘›๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘ฑ๐‘‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘ฒ๐‘›๐‘พ ๐‘ ๐‘ฉ ‘๐‘š๐‘จ๐‘’๐‘˜๐‘ธ๐‘›’ ๐‘ฃ๐‘จ๐‘› ๐‘˜๐‘ง๐‘‘ ๐‘‘ ๐‘š๐‘ฐ ๐‘’๐‘ถ๐‘ฏ๐‘› (๐‘ฏ๐‘ด ๐‘›๐‘ฌ๐‘‘ ๐‘š๐‘ฒ ๐‘ฎ๐‘พ๐‘ค ๐‘ฆ๐‘•๐‘‘๐‘ฑ๐‘‘ ๐‘จ๐‘›๐‘๐‘ผ๐‘‘๐‘ฒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ๐‘™) ↩︎

  12. Arnold J. Toynbee (1889โ€“1975) was a prominent British historian and philosopher of history, best known for his 12-volume masterpiece, A Study of History (1934โ€“1961). In this monumental work, he analyzed the synthesis, growth, and decay of 28 major world civilizations, arguing that societies rise or fall based on their response to moral, social, and environmental challengesโ€”a concept he framed through principles such as “challenge and response” and “withdrawal and return.” ↩︎

  13. ‘๐‘‘๐‘ซ๐‘›๐‘ฑ’ ↩︎